Mahatma Gandhi Indian leader

 

                         Mahatma Gandhi Indian leader

mahaatma gaandhee, mohanadaas karamachand gaandhee ke naam se, (janm 2 aktoobar, 1869, porabandar, bhaarat- mrtyu 30 janavaree, 1948, dillee), bhaarateey vakeel, raajaneetigy, saamaajik kaaryakarta aur lekhak jo angrejon ke khilaaph raashtravaadee aandolan ke neta bane. bhaarat ka shaasan. is prakaar, unhen apane desh ka pita maana jaane laga. raajaneetik aur saamaajik pragati haasil karane ke lie gaandhee ko unake ahinsak virodh (satyaagrah) ke siddhaant ke lie antararaashtreey star par sammaanit kiya jaata hai.

 

apane laakhon saathee bhaarateeyon kee nazar mein, gaandhee mahaatma ("mahaan aatma") the. unake dauron ke dauraan unhen dekhane ke lie ikatthee huee bhaaree bheed kee akalpaneey aaraadhana ne unhen ek gambheer pareeksha bana diya; vah mushkil se din mein kaam kar paata tha ya raat mein aaraam nahin kar paata tha. unhonne likha, "mahaatmaon kee vyatha, keval mahaatma hee jaanate hain." unakee prasiddhi unake jeevanakaal mein hee duniya bhar mein phail gaee aur unakee mrtyu ke baad hee badhee. mahaatma gaandhee ka naam ab prthvee par sabase adhik maanyata praapt naamon mein se ek hai.

 

yuva

gaandhee apane pita kee chauthee patnee kee sabase chhotee santaan the. unake pita-karamachand gaandhee, jo british aadhipaty ke tahat pashchimee bhaarat (jo ab gujaraat raajy mein hai) mein ek chhotee see riyaasat kee raajadhaanee porabandar ke deevaan (mukhyamantree) the- ke paas aupachaarik shiksha ke raaste mein bahut kuchh nahin tha. haalaanki, vah ek saksham prashaasak tha, jo jaanata tha ki mitavyayee raajakumaaron, unake lambe samay se peedit vishayon aur satta mein pramukh british raajaneetik adhikaariyon ke beech apana raasta kaise chalaaya jae.

 

gaandhee kee maan, putaleebaee, pooree tarah se dharm mein leen theen, ve sajaavat ya gahanon kee jyaada paravaah nahin karatee theen, apana samay apane ghar aur mandir ke beech baantatee theen, aksar upavaas karatee theen, aur jab bhee parivaar mein beemaaree hotee thee, to ve khud ko din-raat bhar pet bharatee theen. . mohanadaas vaishnavavaad mein doobe hue ghar mein pale-badhe - hindoo bhagavaan vishnu kee pooja - jain dharm ke ek majaboot rang ke saath, ek naitik roop se kathor bhaarateey dharm jisaka mukhy siddhaant ahinsa hai aur yah vishvaas hai ki brahmaand mein sab kuchh shaashvat hai. is prakaar, unhonne ahinsa (sabhee jeevit praaniyon ke lie gair-chot), shaakaahaar, aatm-shuddhi ke lie upavaas, aur vibhinn panthon aur sampradaayon ke anuyaayiyon ke beech aapasee sahishnuta ko sveekaar kiya.

 

porabandar mein shaikshik suvidhaen alpavikasit theen; mohanadaas ne jis praathamik vidyaalay mein padhaee kee, usamen bachchon ne apanee ungaliyon se dhool mein akshar likhe. unake lie saubhaagy se, unake pita ek any riyaasat raajakot ke deevaan ban gae. haalaanki mohanadaas ko kabhee-kabhee sthaaneey skoolon mein puraskaar aur chhaatravrttiyaan milatee theen, lekin unaka rikord ausat darje ka tha. tarminal riporton mein se ek ne unhen "angrejee mein achchha, ankaganit mein nishpaksh aur bhoogol mein kamajor" ke roop mein darja diya; aacharan bahut achchha, kharaab likhaavat.” unakee shaadee 13 saal kee umr mein huee thee aur is tarah unhonne skool mein ek saal ganva diya. ek alag bachcha, vah na to kaksha mein chamakata tha aur na hee khel ke maidaan mein. jab vah apane beemaar pita (jo usake turant baad mar gaya) ka paalan-poshan nahin kar raha tha ya ghar ke kaamon mein apanee maan kee madad nahin kar raha tha, to vah lambee ekaant sair par jaana pasand karata tha.

usane apane shabdon mein, "bujurgon ke aadeshon ka paalan karana seekha tha, na ki unhen skain karana." is tarah kee atyadhik nishkriyata ke saath, yah aashchary kee baat nahin hai ki unhen kishor vidroh ke ek charan se gujarana chaahie tha, jo gupt naastikata, chhotee-chhotee choree, gupt dhoomrapaan, aur vaishnav parivaar mein paida hue ladake ke lie sabase chaunkaane vaala-maans khaane se chihnit tha. unakee kishoraavastha shaayad unakee umr aur varg ke adhikaansh bachchon kee tulana mein adhik toophaanee nahin thee. asaadhaaran baat yah thee ki usake yauvan sambandhee aparaadhon ka ant kaise hua.

 

"phir kabhee nahin" har palaayan ke baad khud se unaka vaada tha. aur unhonne apana vaada nibhaaya. ek agochar baaharee ke neeche, unhonne aatm-sudhaar ke lie ek jvalant junoon ko chhupaaya jisane unhen hindoo pauraanik kathaon ke naayakon, jaise ki prahlaad aur harishchandr- satyata aur balidaan ke pauraanik avataar- ko jeevit modal ke roop mein lene ke lie prerit kiya.

 

1887 mein mohanadaas ne bambee vishvavidyaalay (ab mumbee vishvavidyaalay) kee maitrik pareeksha utteern kee aur bhaavanagar (bhaunagar) mein samaaladaas kolej mein pravesh liya. choonki unhen achaanak apanee mool bhaasha-gujaraatee- se angrejee mein svich karana pada, isalie unhen vyaakhyaanon ka paalan karana mushkil ho gaya.

 

is beech, unaka parivaar unake bhavishy ko lekar bahas kar raha tha. apane aap par chhod diya, vah ek doktar banana pasand karata. lekin, vibhaajan ke khilaaph vaishnav poorvaagrah ke alaava, yah spasht tha ki, agar unhen gujaraat ke kisee ek raajy mein uchch pad dhaaran karane kee paarivaarik parampara ko banae rakhana hai, to unhen bairistar ke roop mein arhata praapt karanee hogee. isaka matalab tha inglaind kee yaatra, aur mohanadaas, jo saamaladaas kolej mein bahut khush nahin the, prastaav par kood pade. unakee yuva kalpana ne inglaind ko "daarshanikon aur kaviyon kee bhoomi, sabhyata ka kendr" maana. lekin inglaind kee yaatra ko saakaar karane se pahale kaee baadhaon ko paar karana tha. unake pita ne parivaar ko thodee see sampatti chhod dee thee; isake alaava, usakee maan apane sabase chhote bachche ko door desh mein agyaat pralobhanon aur khataron ke lie benakaab karane ke lie anichchhuk thee. lekin mohanadaas ne inglaind jaane kee thaan lee thee. usake bhaiyon mein se ek ne aavashyak dhan jutaaya, aur usakee maan kee shanka door ho gaee jab usane pratigya kee ki vah ghar se door rahate hue sharaab, mahilaon ya maans ko nahin chhooega. mohanadaas ne aakhiree baadha kee avahelana kee - modh baniya upajaati (vaishy jaati) ke netaon ka pharamaan, jisamen gaandhee the, jinhonne hindoo dharm ke ullanghan ke roop mein inglaind kee yaatra ko mana kiya tha - aur sitambar 1888 mein ravaana hue. das din baad unake aagaman ke baad, ve landan ke chaar lo kolejon (da tempal) mein se ek, inar tempal mein shaamil ho gae.

 

inglaind mein pravaas aur mahaatma gaandhee kee bhaarat vaapasee

gaandhee ne apanee padhaee ko gambheerata se liya aur landan vishvavidyaalay maitrik pareeksha dekar apanee angrejee aur laitin par brash karane kee koshish kee. lekin, inglaind mein bitae teen varshon ke dauraan, unakee mukhy vyastata akaadamik mahatvaakaankshaon ke bajaay vyaktigat aur naitik muddon par thee. raajakot ke ardh-graameen vaataavaran se landan ke mahaanagareey jeevan mein parivartan unake lie aasaan nahin tha. pashchimee khaan-paan, pahanaave aur shishtaachaar ke mutaabik khud ko dhaalane ke lie unhen kaaphee sangharsh karana pada, unhen ajeeb laga. unaka shaakaahaar unake lie lagaataar sharmindagee ka kaaran bana; usake doston ne use chetaavanee dee ki yah usakee padhaee ke saath-saath usake svaasthy ko bhee barbaad kar dega. saubhaagy se unake lie unhen ek shaakaahaaree restaraan ke saath-saath shaakaahaar ka ek tarkapoorn bachaav pradaan karane vaalee ek pustak milee, jo ab se unake lie drdh vishvaas ka vishay ban gaee, na ki keval unakee vaishnav prshthabhoomi kee viraasat. shaakaahaar ke lie unhonne jo mishanaree utsaah vikasit kiya, usane dayaneey roop se sharmeele yuvaon ko apane khol se baahar nikaalane mein madad kee aur unhen ek naya utsaah diya. vah landan vejiteriyan sosaitee kee kaaryakaaree samiti ke sadasy ban gae, isake sammelanon mein bhaag liya aur isakee patrika mein lekhon ka yogadaan diya.

 

inglaind ke bordingahaus aur shaakaahaaree restaraan mein, gaandhee na keval khaane ke shaukeenon se mile, balki kuchh gambheer purushon aur mahilaon se bhee mile, jinase unaka baibil aur adhik mahatvapoorn, bhagavadgeeta ka parichay tha, jise unhonne pahalee baar isake angrejee anuvaad mein padha tha. sar edavin arnold. bhagavadgeeta (aamataur par geeta ke roop mein jaana jaata hai) mahaan mahaakaavy mahaabhaarat ka hissa hai aur daarshanik kavita ke roop mein, hindoo dharm kee sabase lokapriy abhivyakti hai. angrejee shaakaahaaree ek prerak bheed the. inamen edavard kaarapentar, "british thoro" jaise samaajavaadee aur maanavataavaadee shaamil the; jorj barnaard sho jaise phaibiyan; aur thiyosophist jaise enee besent. unamen se adhikaansh aadarshavaadee the; unamen se kuchh aise vidrohee the jinhonne uttar-viktoriyan pratishthaan ke prachalit moolyon ko khaarij kar diya, poonjeevaadee aur audyogik samaaj kee buraiyon kee ninda kee, saral jeevan ke panth ka prachaar kiya, aur bhautik moolyon par naitik kee shreshthata aur sangharsh par sahayog par bal diya. ve vichaar gaandhee ke vyaktitv ko aakaar dene aur antatah unakee raajaneeti mein mahatvapoorn yogadaan dene vaale the.

 

julaee 1891 mein jab gaandhee bhaarat laute to unake lie dardanaak aashchary tha. unakee anupasthiti mein unakee maan kee mrtyu ho gaee thee, aur unhen pata chala ki bairistar kee digree ek aakarshak kariyar kee gaarantee nahin thee. kaanoonee pesha pahale se hee bheedabhaad vaala hone laga tha, aur gaandhee isamen apana raasta banaane ke lie bahut adhik sankochee the. pahale hee sankshep mein unhonne bombe (ab mumbee) kee ek adaalat mein tark diya, unhonne ek khedajanak aankada kaat diya. bombe haee skool mein ek shikshak kee anshakaalik naukaree ke lie bhee thukara diya, vah vaadiyon ke lie yaachikaon ka masauda taiyaar karake ek maamoolee jeevan yaapan karane ke lie raajakot laut aaya. yahaan tak ​​ki vah rojagaar bhee unake lie band kar diya gaya tha jab unhen ek sthaaneey british adhikaaree kee naaraajagee ka saamana karana pada tha. isalie, yah kuchh raahat ke saath tha ki 1893 mein unhonne netaal, dakshin aphreeka mein ek bhaarateey pharm se ek saal ke anubandh ke gair-aakarshak prastaav ko sveekaar kar liya.

 

dakshin aphreeka mein varsh

aphreeka ko gaandhee ke saamane aisee chunautiyaan aur avasar pesh karane the jinakee ve shaayad hee kalpana kar sakate the. ant mein vah vahaan do dashak se adhik samay bitaenge, keval 1896-97 mein thode samay ke lie bhaarat laut aae. unake chaar bachchon mein sabase chhote do ka janm vaheen hua tha.

 

ek raajaneetik aur saamaajik kaaryakarta ke roop mein ubharana

gaandhee dakshin aphreeka mein prachalit nasleey bhedabhaav ke sampark mein aa gae. daraban kee ek adaalat mein unhen yooropeey majistret ne apanee pagadee utaarane ke lie kaha; usane mana kar diya aur kort room se nikal gaya. kuchh dinon baad, pritoriya kee yaatra ke dauraan, unhen anajaane mein pratham shrenee ke relave dibbe se baahar nikaal diya gaya aur peetaramairitsabarg mein relave steshan par kampakampee aur chinta chhod dee gaee. us yaatra ke aage ke kram mein, use ek stejakoch ke shvet chaalak dvaara peeta gaya kyonki vah ek yooropeey yaatree ke lie jagah banaane ke lie phutabord par yaatra nahin karega, aur ant mein use "keval yooropeey logon ke lie" aarakshit hotalon se rok diya gaya tha. ve apamaan netaal mein bhaarateey vyaapaariyon aur majadooron ke dainik bahut the, jinhonne unhen usee isteephe ke saath jeb karana seekha tha jisake saath unhonne apanee alp kamaee ko jeb mein rakha tha. jo naya tha vah gaandhee ka anubhav nahin tha balki unakee pratikriya thee. vah ab tak aatm-pushti ya aakraamakata ke lie vishisht nahin tha. lekin usake saath kuchh aisa hua jab vah apane oopar kie gae apamaanon ke beech hoshiyaar ho gaya. peechhe mudakar dekhen to daraban se pritoriya kee yaatra ne unhen apane jeevan ke sabase rachanaatmak anubhavon mein se ek ke roop mein prabhaavit kiya; yah usakee sachchaee ka kshan tha. ab se vah dakshin aphreeka mein praakrtik ya apraakrtik vyavastha ke hisse ke roop mein anyaay ko sveekaar nahin karega; vah ek bhaarateey aur ek aadamee ke roop mein apanee garima kee raksha karega.

 

pritoriya mein rahate hue, gaandhee ne un paristhitiyon ka adhyayan kiya jinamen dakshin aphreeka mein unake saathee dakshin eshiyaee rahate the aur unhen unake adhikaaron aur kartavyon ke baare mein shikshit karane kee koshish kee, lekin unaka dakshin aphreeka mein rahane ka koee iraada nahin tha. darasal, joon 1894 mein, jaise hee unaka saal ka anubandh samaapt hua, ve daraban mein vaapas aa gae, bhaarat ke lie naukaayan ke lie taiyaar the. unake sammaan mein dee gaee vidaee paartee mein, unhonne netaal markyooree ke maadhyam se dekha aur seekha ki netaal vidhaan sabha bhaarateeyon ko vot dene ke adhikaar se vanchit karane ke lie ek vidheyak par vichaar kar rahee thee. gaandhee ne apane mejabaanon se kaha, "yah hamaare taaboot mein pahalee keel hai." unhonne bil ka virodh karane mein apanee asamarthata, aur vaastav mein kolonee kee raajaneeti ke baare mein apanee agyaanata ka daava kiya, aur unase unakee or se ladaee ladane kee bheekh maangee.

 

18 saal kee umr tak gaandhee ne shaayad hee kabhee koee akhabaar padha ho. na to inglaind mein ek chhaatr ke roop mein aur na hee bhaarat mein ek navodit bairistar ke roop mein unhonne raajaneeti mein adhik ruchi dikhaee thee. darasal, jab bhee vah kisee saamaajik sabha mein bhaashan padhane ya adaalat mein kisee muvakkil ka bachaav karane ke lie khada hota tha, to vah ek bhayaanak manch ke dar se door ho jaata tha. phir bhee, julaee 1894 mein, jab ve mushkil se 25 varsh ke the, ve lagabhag raaton-raat ek kushal raajaneetik prachaarak ke roop mein ubhare. unhonne netaal vidhaayika aur british sarakaar ke lie yaachikaon ka masauda taiyaar kiya aur un par unake saikadon hamavatan logon dvaara hastaakshar kie gae. vah bil ko paarit hone se nahin rok sake lekin netaal, bhaarat aur inglaind mein janata aur pres ka dhyaan netaal indiyans kee shikaayaton kee or aakarshit karane mein saphal rahe. unhen kaanoon ka abhyaas karane aur bhaarateey samudaay ko sangathit karane ke lie daraban mein basane ke lie raajee kiya gaya tha. 1894 mein unhonne netaal bhaarateey kaangres kee sthaapana kee, jisake ve svayan athak sachiv bane. us saamaany raajaneetik sangathan ke maadhyam se, unhonne visham bhaarateey samudaay mein ekajutata kee bhaavana ka sanchaar kiya. unhonne sarakaar, vidhaayika aur pres ko bhaarateey shikaayaton ke baareekee se tarkapoorn bayaanon se bhar diya. ant mein, unhonne baaharee duniya ke drshtikon se shaahee alamaaree mein kankaal ko ujaagar kiya, aphreeka mein apane svayan ke upaniveshon mein se ek mein mahaaraanee viktoriya ke bhaarateey vishayon ke saath bhedabhaav kiya. yah ek prachaarak ke roop mein unakee saphalata ka ek paimaana tha ki da taims oph landan aur da stetsamain end inglishamain oph kalakatta (ab kolakaata) jaise mahatvapoorn samaachaar patron ne netaal indiyans kee shikaayaton par sampaadakeey roop se tippanee kee.

 

1896 mein gaandhee apanee patnee, kastooraba (ya kastooraba) aur unake do sabase bade bachchon ko lene aur videshon mein bhaarateeyon ke lie samarthan dene ke lie bhaarat gae. unhonne pramukh netaon se mulaakaat kee aur unhen desh ke pramukh shaharon mein janasabhaon ko sambodhit karane ke lie raajee kiya. durbhaagy se usake lie, usakee gatividhiyon aur kathanon ke vikrt sanskaran netaal tak pahunch gae aur usakee yooropeey aabaadee ko bhadaka diya. janavaree 1897 mein daraban pahunchane par, un par ek saphed bheed dvaara hamala kiya gaya aur lagabhag maar daala gaya. british kaibinet mein aupaniveshik sachiv joseph chembaralen ne netaal sarakaar ko doshee logon ko saja dilaane ke lie kaha, lekin gaandhee ne apane hamalaavaron par mukadama chalaane se inakaar kar diya. unhonne kaha, yah unake saath ek siddhaant tha ki ve adaalat mein kisee vyaktigat galatee ke nivaaran kee maang na karen.

 

pratirodh aur parinaam

gaandhee vah vyakti nahin the jo dvesh ko paalate the. 1899 mein dakshin aphreekee (boar) yuddh ke phailane par, unhonne tark diya ki netaal ke british kraun kolonee mein naagarikata ke poorn adhikaaron ka daava karane vaale bhaarateey isakee raksha karane ke lie baadhy the. unhonne 1,100 svayansevakon kee ek embulens vaahinee banaee, jinamen se 300 svatantr bhaarateey aur baakee giramitiya majadoor the. yah ek prerak bheed thee: bairistar aur ekauntent, kaareegar aur majadoor. yah gaandhee ka kaam tha ki unamen un logon ke lie seva kee bhaavana paida karen jinhen ve apana utpeedak maanate the. pritoriya nyooj ke sampaadak ne yuddh kshetr mein gaandhee ka ek vyaavahaarik chitr pesh kiya:

yuddh mein angrejon kee jeet se dakshin aphreeka mein bhaarateeyon ko thodee raahat milee. dakshin aphreeka mein naya shaasan ek saajhedaaree mein vikasit hona tha, lekin keval boars aur briten ke beech. gaandhee ne dekha ki, kuchh eesaee mishanariyon aur yuva aadarshavaadiyon ko chhodakar, vah dakshin aphreekee yooropeey logon par ek spasht prabhaav daalane mein asamarth the. 1906 mein traansavaal sarakaar ne apanee bhaarateey aabaadee ke panjeekaran ke lie ek vishesh roop se apamaanajanak adhyaadesh prakaashit kiya. bhaarateeyon ne sitambar 1906 mein johaansabarg mein ek jan virodh sabha aayojit kee aur gaandhee ke netrtv mein, adhyaadesh kee avahelana karane ka sankalp liya, agar yah unake virodh ke daanton mein kaanoon ban gaya aur unakee avagya ke parinaamasvaroop sabhee dand bhugatane honge. is prakaar satyaagrah ("saty ke prati samarpan") ka janm hua, virodhiyon ko bina vidvesh ke virodh karane aur hinsa ke bina unase ladane ke lie aamantrit karane, peeda dene ke bajaay, aamantrit karane ke maadhyam se galatiyon ke nivaaran kee ek naee takaneek.

dakshin aphreeka mein sangharsh saat saal se adhik samay tak chala. isamen utaar-chadhaav aae, lekin gaandhee ke netrtv mein, chhote bhaarateey alpasankhyak ne bhaaree baadhaon ke khilaaph apana pratirodh banae rakha. saikadon bhaarateeyon ne apanee antaraatma aur svaabhimaan ke khilaaph kaanoonon ke saamane jhukane ke bajaay apanee aajeevika aur svatantrata ka tyaag karane ka vikalp chuna. 1913 mein aandolan ke antim charan mein, mahilaon sahit saikadon bhaarateey jel gae, aur khadaanon mein kaam karane vaale hajaaron bhaarateey shramikon ko bahaaduree se kaaraavaas, kode maarane aur yahaan tak ​​ki golee maarane ka bhee saamana karana pada. yah bhaarateeyon ke lie ek bhayaanak pareeksha thee, lekin yah dakshin aphreekee sarakaar ke lie sabase kharaab sambhav vigyaapan bhee tha, jisane briten aur bhaarat kee sarakaaron ke dabaav mein, ek taraph gaandhee aur dakshin aphreekee raajaneta dvaara kie gae samajhaute ko sveekaar kar liya. doosaree or janaral jaan krishchiyan smats.

 

"sant ne hamaare taton ko chhod diya hai," smats ne julaee 1914 mein gaandhee ke dakshin aphreeka se bhaarat ke lie prasthaan par ek mitr ko likha, "main hamesha ke lie aasha karata hoon." ek chauthaee sadee baad, unhonne likha ki yah unaka "bhaagy tha ki main ek aise vyakti ka virodhee tha jisake lie tab bhee mere man mein sabase adhik sammaan tha." ek baar, jel mein apane durlabh pravaas ke dauraan, gaandhee ne smats ke lie ek jodee saindal taiyaar kee thee, jinhonne yaad kiya ki unake beech koee napharat aur vyaktigat dvesh nahin tha, aur jab ladaee khatm ho gaee thee, "aisa maahaul tha jisamen ek sabhy shaanti ka nishkarsh nikaala ja sakata hai. ”

 

jaisa ki baad kee ghatanaon ne dikhaaya, gaandhee ke kaam ne dakshin aphreeka mein bhaarateey samasya ka sthaayee samaadhaan pradaan nahin kiya. usane dakshin aphreeka ke saath jo kiya vah vaastav mein usase kam mahatvapoorn nahin tha jo dakshin aphreeka ne usake saath kiya tha. isane usake saath dayaalu vyavahaar nahin kiya tha, lekin, use apanee nasleey samasya ke bhanvar mein kheenchakar, use ek aadarsh seting pradaan kee thee jisamen usakee ajeeb pratibhaen khud ko prakat kar sakatee theen.

dhaarmik khoj

gaandhee kee dhaarmik khoj unake bachapan, unakee maan ke prabhaav aur porabandar aur raajakot mein unake grh jeevan se pahale kee thee, lekin dakshin aphreeka mein unake aagaman ke baad ise ek bada protsaahan mila. pritoriya mein unake kvekar mitr unhen eesaee dharm mein parivartit karane mein viphal rahe, lekin unhonne dhaarmik adhyayan ke lie unakee bhookh ko tej kar diya. ve eesaee dharm par liyo tolstoy ke lekhan, anuvaad mein kuraan padhane aur hindoo dharmagranthon aur darshan mein talleen the. tulanaatmak dharm ka adhyayan, vidvaanon ke saath baatacheet, aur dharmashaastreey kaaryon ke apane svayan ke padhane ne unhen is nishkarsh par pahunchaaya ki sabhee dharm saty the aur phir bhee unamen se har ek apoorn tha kyonki unakee vyaakhya "gareeb buddhi se kee jaatee thee, kabhee-kabhee gareeb dilon ke saath, aur adhik baar galat vyaakhya kee gaee. ”

 

shreemad raajachandr, ek pratibhaashaalee yuva jain daarshanik, jo gaandhee ke aadhyaatmik guru bane, ne unhen unake janm ke dharm, hindoo dharm kee "sookshmata aur gaharaee" ke baare mein aashvast kiya. aur yah bhagavadgeeta thee, jise gaandhee ne pahalee baar landan mein padha tha, jo unaka "aadhyaatmik shabdakosh" ban gaya aur shaayad unake jeevan par sabase bada ekal prabhaav daala. geeta ke do sanskrt shabdon ne unhen vishesh roop se mohit kiya. ek tha aparigrah ("aparigrah"), jisaka arth hai ki logon ko bhautik vastuon ko tyaagana hoga jo aatma ke jeevan ko baadhit karate hain aur dhan aur sampatti ke bandhanon ko door karate hain. doosara tha samabhaav ("samaanata"), jo logon ko dard ya khushee, jeet ya haar, aur saphalata kee aasha ya asaphalata ke dar ke bina kaam karane ke lie prerit karata hai.

ve keval poornata ke paraamarshadaata nahin the. 1893 mein unhen dakshin aphreeka le gae deevaanee maamale mein, unhonne virodhiyon ko apane matabhedon ko adaalat se baahar nipataane ke lie raajee kiya tha. ek vakeel ka asalee kaary unhen "vikhandit dalon ko ekajut karane ke lie" lag raha tha. unhonne jald hee apane graahakon ko apanee sevaon ke khareedaar ke roop mein nahin balki doston ke roop mein maana; unhonne na keval kaanoonee muddon par balki aise maamalon par bhee salaah dee jaise bachche ko doodh chhudaane ya parivaar ke bajat ko santulit karane ka sabase achchha tareeka. jab ek sahayogee ne virodh kiya ki graahak ravivaar ko bhee aate hain, to gaandhee ne javaab diya: "sankat mein ek vyakti ravivaar ko aaraam nahin kar sakata."

 

gaandhee kee kaanoonee kamaee 5,000 paund prati varsh ke charam par pahunch gaee, lekin unhen paise kamaane mein bahut kam dilachaspee thee, aur unakee bachat aksar unakee saarvajanik gatividhiyon mein doob jaatee thee. daraban mein aur baad mein johaansabarg mein, unhonne ek khulee mej rakhee; unaka ghar yuva sahayogiyon aur raajaneetik sahakarmiyon ke lie ek aabhaasee chhaatraavaas tha. yah unakee patnee ke lie ek kathin pareeksha thee, jisake asaadhaaran dhairy, dheeraj aur aatm-vinaash ke bina gaandhee shaayad hee saarvajanik kaaryon ke lie khud ko samarpit kar sakate the. jaise hee unhonne parivaar aur sampatti ke paaramparik bandhanon ko tod diya, unaka jeevan saamudaayik jeevan mein chhaaya hua tha.

 

gaandhee ne saadagee, shaareerik shram aur tapasya ke jeevan ke lie ek anootha aakarshan mahasoos kiya. 1904 mein - jon raskin kee anatoo dis laast, poonjeevaad kee aalochana padhane ke baad - unhonne daraban ke paas pheeniks mein ek phaarm sthaapit kiya jahaan vah aur unake dost apane maathe ke paseene se rah sakate the. chhah saal baad johaansabarg ke paas gaandhee ke paalan-poshan kee dekhabhaal ke tahat ek aur kolonee badhee; ise roosee lekhak aur naitikataavaadee ke lie tolstoy phaarm naam diya gaya tha, jinakee gaandhee prashansa karate the aur unase mel khaate the. ve do bastiyaan bhaarat mein ahamadaabaad (ahamadaabaad) ke paas saabaramatee aur vardha ke paas sevaagraam mein adhik prasiddh aashramon (dhaarmik vaapasee) ke agradoot the.

dakshin aphreeka ne na keval gaandhee ko raajaneetik kaarravaee ke lie ek naee takaneek vikasit karane ke lie prerit kiya, balki unhen un bandhanon se mukt karake purushon ke neta ke roop mein bhee badal diya, jo jyaadaatar purushon ko kaayar banaate hain. british shaastreey vidvaan gilbart mare ne 1918 mein hibbart jarnal mein gaandhee ke baare mein bhavishyavaanee mein likha tha, "satta mein vyakti,"

bhaarat vaapasee

gaandhee ne pratham vishv yuddh ke phailane se theek pahale 1914 kee garmiyon mein dakshin aphreeka chhodane ka phaisala kiya. vah aur unaka parivaar pahale landan gae, jahaan ve kaee maheenon tak rahe. ant mein, ve disambar mein inglaind se chale gae, janavaree 1915 kee shuruaat mein bambee pahunche.

 

raashtravaadee neta ke roop mein ubharana

agale teen varshon ke lie, gaandhee anishchit roop se bhaarateey raajaneeti kee paridhi par mandaraate rahe, kisee bhee raajaneetik aandolan mein shaamil hone, british yuddh ke prayaason ka samarthan karane aur yahaan tak ​​ki british bhaarateey sena ke lie sainikon kee bhartee karane se inakaar kar diya. saath hee, vah kisee bhee tarah kee manamaanee ke lie british adhikaariyon kee aalochana karane ya bihaar aur gujaraat mein lambe samay se peedit kisaanon kee shikaayaton ko uthaane se nahin kataraate the. haalaanki, pharavaree 1919 tak, angrejon ne raulat adhiniyamon ke ugr bhaarateey virodh ke daanton mein dhakelane par jor diya tha, jisane adhikaariyon ko bina mukadame ke un logon ko kaid karane ka adhikaar diya tha, jin par raajadroh ka sandeh tha. ek uttejit gaandhee ne antatah british raaj se alagaav kee bhaavana prakat kee aur satyaagrah sangharsh kee ghoshana kee. parinaam ek aabhaasee raajaneetik bhookamp tha jisane 1919 ke vasant mein upamahaadveep ko hila diya. isake baad hue hinsak prakop - vishesh roop se amrtasar ka narasanhaar, jo lagabhag 400 bhaarateeyon ke british netrtv vaale sainikon kee hatya thee, jo ek khulee jagah mein ekatr hue the. panjaab kshetr mein amrtasar (ab panjaab raajy mein), aur maarshal lo ke adhiniyaman ne use apana haath rakhane ke lie prerit kiya. haalaanki, ek saal ke bheetar vah phir se ugravaadee mood mein tha, is beech panjaab traasadee par bhaarateey bhaavana ke prati british asanvedanasheelata aur pratham vishv yuddh ke baad turkee ko dee gaee shaanti sharton par muslim aakrosh se aparivartaneey roop se alag ho gaya that

1920 kee sharad rtu tak, gaandhee raajaneetik manch par pramukh vyakti the, bhaarat mein ya shaayad kisee any desh mein kisee bhee raajaneetik neta dvaara praapt kie gae prabhaav ko kam nahin kiya. unhonne 35 varsheey bhaarateey raashtreey kaangres (kaangres paartee) ko bhaarateey raashtravaad ke ek prabhaavee raajaneetik saadhan mein badal diya: bhaarat ke pramukh shaharon mein se ek mein uchch madhyam varg ke teen divaseey krisamas-saptaah ke pikanik se, yah ek ban gaya jan sangathan jisakee jaden chhote shaharon aur gaanvon mein hain. gaandhee ka sandesh saral tha: yah british bandooken nahin theen, balki svayan bhaarateeyon kee khaamiyon ne apane desh ko bandhan mein rakha tha. unake kaaryakram, british sarakaar ke khilaaph ahinsak asahayog aandolan mein na keval british nirmaataon ka bahishkaar shaamil tha, balki bhaarat mein angrejon dvaara sanchaalit ya sahaayata praapt sansthaanon ka bhee bahishkaar shaamil tha: vidhaayika, adaalaten, kaaryaalay, skool. is abhiyaan ne desh mein bijalee pahunchaee, videshee shaasan ke bhay ko toda, aur hajaaron satyaagrahiyon ko giraphtaar kiya, jinhonne kaanoonon kee avahelana kee aur khushee-khushee jel kee kataar mein khade ho gae. pharavaree 1922 mein aisa lag raha tha ki aandolan ek lahar ke charam par tha, lekin poorvee bhaarat ke ek sudoor gaanv chauree chaura mein hinsak prakop se chintit gaandhee ne saamoohik savinay avagya ko vaapas lene ka phaisala kiya. yah unake kaee anuyaayiyon ke lie ek jhataka tha, jinhen dar tha ki unake aatm-sanyam aur sanyam raashtravaadee sangharsh ko pavitr nirarthakata tak kam kar denge. 10 maarch, 1922 ko gaandhee ko svayan giraphtaar kar liya gaya, raajadroh ka mukadama chalaaya gaya aur chhah saal ke kaaraavaas kee saja sunaee gaee. ependisaitis kee sarjaree ke baad pharavaree 1924 mein unhen riha kar diya gaya. unakee anupasthiti mein raajaneetik paridrshy badal gaya tha. kaangres paartee do guton mein vibhaajit ho gaee thee, ek chittaranjan daas aur moteelaal neharoo (javaaharalaal neharoo ke pita, bhaarat ke pahale pradhaan mantree) ke netrtv mein vidhaayikaon mein paartee ke pravesh ke paksh mein aur doosara chakravartee raajagopaalaachaaree aur vallabhabhaee jhaaverabhaee patel ke virodh mein. sabase buree baat yah hai ki 1920-22 ke asahayog aandolan ke dinon mein hinduon aur musalamaanon ke beech ekata bhang ho gaee thee. gaandhee ne tark aur anunay dvaara yuddharat samudaayon ko unake sandeh aur kattarata se baahar nikaalane ka prayaas kiya. ant mein, saampradaayik ashaanti ke gambheer prakop ke baad, unhonne 1924 kee sharad rtu mein logon ko ahinsa ke maarg par chalane ke lie jagaane ke lie teen saptaah ka upavaas kiya. disambar 1924 mein unhen kaangres paartee ka adhyaksh naamit kiya gaya, aur unhonne ek varsh tak seva kee.

 

paartee netrtv ko lauten

1920 ke dashak ke madhy ke dauraan gaandhee ne sakriy raajaneeti mein bahut kam dilachaspee lee aur unhen ek kharcheela bal maana jaata tha. haalaanki, 1927 mein, british sarakaar ne ek pramukh angrejee vakeel aur raajaneetigy sar jon saiman ke tahat ek sanvaidhaanik sudhaar aayog niyukt kiya, jisamen ek bhee bhaarateey shaamil nahin tha. jab kaangres aur any dalon ne aayog ka bahishkaar kiya, to raajaneetik gati badh gaee. disambar 1928 mein kalakatta mein kaangres adhiveshan (baithak) mein, gaandhee ne poorn svatantrata ke lie ek raashtravyaapee ahinsak abhiyaan kee dhamakee ke tahat ek varsh ke bheetar british sarakaar se prabhutv kee sthiti kee maang karate hue mahatvapoorn prastaav rakha. isake baad, gaandhee kaangres paartee kee agranee aavaaj ke roop mein vaapas aa gae. maarch 1930 mein unhonne namak par angrejon dvaara lagae gae kar ke khilaaph ek satyaagrah namak maarch shuroo kiya, jisane samudaay ke sabase gareeb varg ko prabhaavit kiya. british raaj ke khilaaph gaandhee ke ahinsak yuddh mein sabase shaanadaar aur saphal abhiyaanon mein se ek, isake parinaamasvaroop 60,000 se adhik logon ko kaaraavaas hua. ek saal baad, vaayasaraay, lord iravin (baad mein lord hailifaiks) ke saath baatacheet ke baad, gaandhee ne ek sangharsh viraam (gaandhee-iravin sandhi) ko sveekaar kar liya, savinay avagya ko samaapt kar diya, aur ekamaatr pratinidhi ke roop mein landan mein golamej sammelan mein bhaag lene ke lie sahamat hue. bhaarateey raashtreey kaangres.

 

angrejon se satta ke hastaantaran ke bajaay bhaarateey alpasankhyakon kee samasya par kendrit sammelan, bhaarateey

 

raashtravaadiyon ke lie ek badee niraasha thee. isake alaava, jab gaandhee disambar 1931 mein bhaarat laute, to unhonne paaya ki unakee paartee ko lord iravin ke uttaraadhikaaree, vaayasaraay, lord vilingadan se chautarapha aakraman ka saamana karana pad raha hai, jinhonne raashtravaadee aandolan ke itihaas mein sabase kathor daman kiya. gaandhee ko ek baar phir jel mein daal diya gaya, aur sarakaar ne unhen baaharee duniya se bachaane aur unake prabhaav ko nasht karane kee koshish kee. yah koee aasaan kaam nahin tha. gaandhee ne jald hee pahal kee. sitambar 1932 mein, ek kaidee rahate hue, unhonne tathaakathit "achhooton" (bhaarateey jaati vyavastha ka sabase nichala star, jise ab anusoochit jaati [aadhikaarik] ya dalit kaha jaata hai) ko alag karane ke british sarakaar ke phaisale ke virodh mein upavaas shuroo kiya. nae sanvidhaan mein unhen alag nirvaachak mandal aavantit karake. upavaas ne desh mein ek bhaavanaatmak uthal-puthal paida kar dee, aur ek vaikalpik chunaavee vyavastha sanyukt roop se aur tejee se hindoo samudaay aur daliton ke netaon dvaara taiyaar kee gaee aur british sarakaar dvaara samarthan kiya gaya. upavaas daliton ke mataadhikaar ko hataane ke lie ek joradaar abhiyaan ka praarambhik bindu ban gaya, jise gaandhee ne harijan, ya "bhagavaan ke bachche" ke roop mein sandarbhit kiya.

 

1934 mein gaandhee ne na keval neta ke roop mein balki kaangres paartee ke sadasy ke roop mein bhee isteepha de diya. unhen yah vishvaas ho gaya tha ki isake pramukh sadasyon ne ahinsa ko ek raajaneetik sameecheen ke roop mein apanaaya tha na ki maulik panth ke roop mein yah unake lie tha. raajaneetik gatividhi ke sthaan par unhonne "neeche se oopar tak" raashtr ke nirmaan ke apane "rachanaatmak kaaryakram" par dhyaan kendrit kiya - graameen bhaarat ko shikshit karana, jisamen janasankhya ka 85 pratishat hissa tha; asprshyata ke khilaaph apanee ladaee jaaree rakhana; haath se kataee, bunaee aur any kuteer udyogon ko badhaava dene ke lie berojagaar kisaanon kee aay ke poorak ke roop mein; aur logon kee jarooraton ke lie sabase upayukt shiksha pranaalee vikasit karana. gaandhee svayan madhy bhaarat ke ek gaanv sevaagraam mein rahane chale gae, jo unake saamaajik aur aarthik utthaan ke kaaryakram ka kendr ban gaya.

antim charan

dviteey vishv yuddh ke phailane ke saath, bhaarat mein raashtravaadee sangharsh apane antim mahatvapoorn charan mein pravesh kar gaya. gaandhee phaaseevaad se napharat karate the aur yah sab isake lie khada tha, lekin unhen yuddh se bhee napharat thee. doosaree or, bhaarateey raashtreey kaangres shaantivaad ke lie pratibaddh nahin thee aur yadi bhaarateey svashaasan ka aashvaasan diya gaya to vah british yuddh ke prayaason ka samarthan karane ke lie taiyaar thee. ek baar phir gaandhee raajaneetik roop se sakriy ho gae. ek british kaibinet mantree sar staiphord krips ke mishan kee viphalata, jo maarch 1942 mein ek prastaav ke saath bhaarat gae the ki gaandhee ko asveekaary paaya gaya tha, bhaarateey haathon mein satta ke hastaantaran par british sameekaran, aur uchch british adhikaariyon dvaara diya gaya protsaahan musalamaanon aur hinduon ke beech kalah ko badhaava dene vaalee roodhivaadee aur saampradaayik taakaton ne gaandhee ko 1942 kee garmiyon mein bhaarat se tatkaal british vaapasee kee maang karane ke lie majaboor kiya - jise bhaarat chhodo aandolan ke roop mein jaana jaane laga.

 

1942 ke madhy mein dhuree raashtron, vishesh roop se jaapaan ke viruddh yuddh ek mahatvapoorn charan mein tha, aur angrejon ne is abhiyaan par teekhee pratikriya vyakt kee. unhonne poore kaangres netrtv ko kaid kar liya aur paartee ko hamesha ke lie kuchalane ke lie nikal pade. hinsak prakop hue jinhen sakhtee se daba diya gaya, aur briten aur bhaarat ke beech kee khaee pahale se kaheen adhik chaudee ho gaee. gaandhee, unakee patnee aur paartee ke kaee any sheersh neta (neharoo sahit) poona (ab pune) mein aaga khaan pailes (ab gaandhee raashtreey smaarak) mein kaid the. kastooraba kee mrtyu 1944 kee shuruaat mein, gaandhee aur any ke riha hone se kuchh samay pahale huee thee.

1945 mein briten mein lebar paartee kee jeet ke saath bhaarat-british sambandhon mein ek naya adhyaay khula. agale do varshon ke dauraan, kaangres ke netaon, mohammad alee jinna ke tahat muslim leeg aur british sarakaar ke beech lambe samay tak trikoneey vaarta huee, 3 joon 1947 kee mauntabetan yojana aur agast 1947 ke madhy mein bhaarat aur paakistaan ke do nae upaniveshon ke gathan mein parinat huee.

yah gaandhee ke jeevan kee sabase badee niraashaon mein se ek thee ki bhaarateey ekata ke bina bhaarateey svatantrata ka ehasaas hua. jab gaandhee aur unake saathee jel mein the tab muslim alagaavavaad ko bahut badhaava mila tha, aur 1946-47 mein, jaisa ki antim sanvaidhaanik vyavastha par baatacheet kee ja rahee thee, hinduon aur musalamaanon ke beech saampradaayik dangon ke prakop ne ek aisa maahaul taiyaar kiya jisamen gaandhee ne tark karane kee apeel kee. aur nyaay, sahishnuta aur vishvaas kee sambhaavana kam thee. jab upamahaadveep ke vibhaajan ko sveekaar kar liya gaya - unakee salaah ke khilaaph - unhonne saampradaayik sangharsh ke nishaan ko theek karane ke kaam mein khud ko dil aur aatma mein daal diya, bangaal aur bihaar mein dangaagrast kshetron ka daura kiya, kattarapanthiyon ko chetaavanee dee, peediton ko saantvana dee, aur sharanaarthiyon ke punarvaas ka prayaas kiya. us daur ke maahaul mein, jo sandeh aur napharat se bhara hua tha, vah ek kathin aur hrdayavidaarak kaary tha. gaandhee ko donon samudaayon ke pakshapaatiyon dvaara doshee thaharaaya gaya tha. mana karane par vah anashan par chala gaya. unhonne kam se kam do shaanadaar jeet haasil kee: sitambar 1947 mein unake upavaas ne kalakatta mein dangon ko rok diya, aur janavaree 1948 mein unhonne dillee shahar ko ek saampradaayik sangharsh mein sharmasaar kar diya. kuchh dinon baad, 30 janavaree ko, jab vah dillee mein apanee shaam kee praarthana sabha ke lie ja rahe the, unhen ek yuva hindoo kattarapanthee naathooraam godase ne golee maar dee thee.

mahaatma gaandhee ke itihaas mein sthaan

gaandhee ke prati british ravaiya mishrit prashansa, manoranjan, vismay, sandeh aur aakrosh mein se ek tha. eesaee mishanariyon aur kattarapanthee samaajavaadiyon ke ek chhote se alpasankhyak ko chhodakar, angrejon ne unhen ek yootopiyan dooradarshee ke roop mein aur sabase kharaab roop se ek chaalaak paakhandee ke roop mein dekha, jinake british jaati ke lie dostee ke peshe british raaj ke vidhvans ke lie mukhauta the. gaandhee poorvaagrah kee us deevaar ke astitv ke prati sachet the, aur ise bhedane ke lie satyaagrah kee rananeeti ka hissa tha.

1920-22, 1930-34, aur 1940-42 mein unake teen pramukh abhiyaan aatm-sandeh aur poochhataachh kee us prakriya ko utpann karane ke lie achchhee tarah se dijain kie gae the jo unake virodhiyon kee naitik suraksha ko kamajor karane aur yogadaan karane ke lie uddeshy vaastavikataon ke saath-saath yogadaan dena tha. yuddh ke baad kee duniya, 1947 mein dominiyan ka darja dene ke lie. bhaarat mein british padatyaag eshiya aur aphreeka ke mahaadveepon par british saamraajy ke parisamaapan mein pahala kadam tha. ek vidrohee aur dushman ke roop mein gaandhee kee chhavi mushkil se mar gaee, lekin, jaisa ki unhonne jorj vaashingatan, briten kee smrti mein kiya tha, 1969 mein, gaandhee ke janm ke shataabdee varsh, unakee smrti mein ek pratima banaee gaee thee.

 

gaandhee ke apane desh mein aur vaastav mein unakee apanee paartee mein aalochak the. udaaravaadee netaon ne virodh kiya ki vah bahut tejee se ja rahe the; yuva kattarapanthiyon ne shikaayat kee ki vah paryaapt tejee se nahin ja rahe the; vaamapanthee raajanetaon ne aarop lagaaya ki vah angrejon ko bedakhal karane ya raajakumaaron aur jameendaaron jaise nihit bhaarateey hiton ko samaapt karane ke baare mein gambheer nahin the; daliton ke netaon ne ek samaaj sudhaarak ke roop mein unake achchhe vishvaas par sandeh kiya; aur muslim netaon ne un par apane hee samudaay ke prati pakshapaat ka aarop lagaaya.

 

20veen shataabdee ke uttaraardh mein anusandhaan ne ek mahaan madhyasth aur sulahakarta ke roop mein gaandhee kee bhoomika ko sthaapit kiya. us disha mein unakee pratibha ko puraane udaaravaadee raajanetaon aur yuva kattarapanthiyon, raajaneetik aatankavaadiyon aur saansadon, shaharee buddhijeeviyon aur graameen janata, paramparaavaadiyon aur aadhunikataavaadiyon, savarn hinduon aur daliton, hinduon aur musalamaan, aur bhaarateey aur angrej.

yah avashyambhaavee tha ki ek raajaneetik neta ke roop mein gaandhee kee bhoomika janata kee kalpana mein vyaapak roop se ubhare, lekin unake jeevan ka mukhy srot dharm mein tha, raajaneeti mein nahin. aur unake lie dharm ka matalab aupachaarikata, hathadharmita, karmakaand ya sampradaayavaad nahin tha. unhonne apanee aatmakatha mein likha hai, "in tees varshon mein main jo prayaas aur prayaas kar raha hoon, vah hai eeshvar ko aamane saamane dekhana." unakee gaharee koshishen aadhyaatmik theen, lekin aisee aakaankshaon vaale apane kaee saathee bhaarateeyon ke vipareet, unhonne nirapekshata ka dhyaan karane ke lie himaalay kee ek gupha mein vishraam nahin kiya; jaisa ki usane ek baar kaha tha, usane apanee gupha ko apane bheetar le liya. unake lie sachchaee koee aisee cheej nahin thee jise kisee ke nijee jeevan kee gopaneeyata mein khoja jaana tha; saamaajik aur raajaneetik jeevan ke chunauteepoorn sandarbhon mein ise barakaraar rakha jaana tha.

 

gaandhee ne pratibhaashaalee purushon aur mahilaon, boodhe aur yuva, bahut bhinn pratibhaon aur svabhaav ke saath sneh aur vaphaadaaree haasil kee; har dhaarmik anunay ke yooropeey logon kee; aur lagabhag har raajaneetik lain ke bhaarateeyon kee. unake kuchh raajaneetik sahayogee unake saath gae aur ahinsa ko ek panth ke roop mein sveekaar kiya; kam abhee bhee apane bhojan kee sanak, madapaik aur prakrti ke ilaaj mein unakee ruchi, ya brahmachary ke unake nuskhe, maans ke sukhon ka poorn tyaag saajha karate the.

 

seks par gaandhee ke vichaar ab vichitr aur avaigyaanik lag sakate hain. 13 saal kee umr mein unake vivaah ne seks ke prati unake drshtikon ko jatil bana diya aur us par aparaadhabodh kee bhaavanaon ka aarop lagaaya, lekin yah yaad rakhana mahatvapoorn hai ki hindoo vichaar kee ek parampara ke anusaar, aatm-saakshaatkaar kee talaash karane vaalon ke lie poorn utthaan anivaary hai. , aur brahmachary gaandhee ke lie bhojan, neend, vichaar, praarthana, aur dainik gatividhiyon mein ek bade anushaasan ka hissa tha, jo khud ko un kaaranon kee seva ke lie taiyaar karane ke lie dizain kiya gaya tha jinake lie vah pooree tarah se pratibaddh the. vah jo dekhane mein asaphal rahe, vah yah tha ki unaka apana anootha anubhav aam aadamee ke lie koee maargadarshak nahin tha.

vidvaanon ne itihaas mein gaandhee ke sthaan ka nyaay karana jaaree rakha hai. vah 20veen sadee kee teen pramukh kraantiyon ke sarjak nahin to utprerak the: upaniveshavaad, naslavaad aur hinsa ke khilaaph aandolan. unhonne khoob likha; 21veen sadee kee shuruaat tak unake lekhan ka sankalit sanskaran 100 khandon tak pahunch gaya tha.

unhonne jo kuchh likha vah unake sahakarmiyon aur shishyon kee jarooraton aur raajaneetik sthiti kee jarooraton ke javaab mein tha, lekin buniyaadee baaton par unhonne ek ullekhaneey sthirata banae rakhee, jaisa ki hind svaraaj ("indiyan hom rool") mein prakaashit hua hai. 1909 mein dakshin aphreeka. pashchimee bhautikavaad aur upaniveshavaad par sakhtee, udyogavaad aur shahareekaran ke baare mein aarakshan, aadhunik raajy ka avishvaas, aur us pustak mein vyakt kee gaee hinsa kee kul asveekrti, poorv-poorv ke lie romaantik lag rahee thee, yadi pratikriyaavaadee nahin thee. bhaarat aur pashchim mein pratham vishv yuddh kee peedhee, jise do vaishvik yuddhon ke jhatake nahin pata the ya edolph hitalar kee ghatana aur paramaanu bam ke aaghaat ka anubhav nahin hua tha. pradhaan mantree javaaharalaal neharoo ka desh mein ek nyaayasangat aur samataavaadee vyavastha ko badhaava dene aur videshon mein sainy guton ke saath gutanirapekshata ka uddeshy nissandeh gaandhee ke lie bahut adhik tha, lekin na to unhonne aur na hee bhaarateey raashtravaadee aandolan mein unake sahayogiyon ne raajaneeti aur arthashaastr mein gaandheevaadee modal ko pooree tarah se sveekaar kiya.

 

gaandhee kee mrtyu ke baad ke varshon mein, kaee pradarshanon aur aandolanon ke aayojakon dvaara unaka naam liya gaya hai. haalaanki, kuchh utkrsht apavaadon ke saath - jaise ki unake shishy bhaarat mein bhoomi sudhaarak vinoba bhaave aur sanyukt raajy amerika mein naagarik adhikaar neta maartin loothar king, jooniyar - ve aandolan gaandhee ke vichaaron ka upahaas rahe hain. .

phir bhee gaandhee ko shaayad kabhee chaimpiyanon kee kamee nahin hogee. erik ech. erikasan, ek pratishthit amerikee manovishleshak, gaandhee ke apane adhyayan mein "gaandhee kee sachchaee aur aadhunik manovigyaan kee antardrshti ke beech ek sambandh" hai. gaandhee ke sabase bade prashansakon mein se ek albart aainsteen the, jinhonne gaandhee kee ahinsa mein paramaanu ke vikhandan dvaara phailaee gaee vishaal hinsa ke sambhaavit pratikaar ko dekha. aur sveedish arthashaastree gunnaar mardal ne avikasit duniya kee saamaajik aarthik samasyaon ke apane sarvekshan ke baad gaandhee ko "vyaavahaarik roop se sabhee kshetron mein ek prabuddh udaaravaadee" ghoshit kiya. avikasit duniya mein gaharaate sankat ke samay, samrddh samaajon mein saamaajik asvasthata, belagaam praudyogikee kee chhaaya aur paramaanu aatank kee anishchit shaanti ke samay mein, aisa lagata hai ki gaandhee ke vichaar aur takaneek tejee se praasangik ho jaenge.